FHB Logo Facebook LinkedIn Email Pinterest Twitter X Instagram Tiktok YouTube Plus Icon Close Icon Navigation Search Icon Navigation Search Icon Arrow Down Icon Video Guide Icon Article Guide Icon Modal Close Icon Guide Search Icon Skip to content
Subscribe
Log In
  • How-To
  • Design
  • Tools & Materials
  • Restoration
  • Videos
  • Blogs
  • Forum
  • Magazine
  • Members
  • FHB House
  • Podcast
Log In

Discussion Forum

Discussion Forum

Need Help Estimating Shake Tear Off

cargin | Posted in General Discussion on July 11, 2008 06:19am

All

I am going to break the rules and ask for help estimating.

We did 7 roofs this spring ( 200 sq) all with tear offs. 1 and 2 layer asphalt.

I have done a number of 2 story 3 layer tearoffs (1 wood shingle and 2 asphalt) in the past.

But I looked at a 28 year old shake roof (52 sq) today that is in very bad shape.

6/12 pitch, 2 story and access mostly from the driveway. Most of the shakes will have to be carried over to the driveway area and thrown into the truck.

The shakes are stapled into plywood (1/2″). But I am fairly certain that they are going to crumble into alot of shovel work.

Anyways, should I treat this like I would a 1 layer wood, 2 layer asphalt tear off(pretty standard old 2 story roof around here).

I did a shake tear off a about 10 years ago, but the farmer, his wife and the hired man all helped and my memory is not that sharp. It was a one story 4/12 with tractor and bucket access all around the house. I just remember alot of dirt and debris. And alot of tarpaper.

Shakes wouldn’t dump out of the truck. Had to remove most by hand.

Thanks

Rich

Reply
  • X
  • facebook
  • linkedin
  • pinterest
  • email
  • add to favorites Log in or Sign up to save your favorite articles

Replies

  1. davidmeiland | Jul 11, 2008 06:39am | #1

    My house is 19 square and when I tore off 1 layer cedar shingles + 1 layer shakes it was about 1 yard per square in the dumpster. It was nailed and the roofing just busted off around the nails with nothing stuck to the roof. I think those staples are going to give you a serious headache, with little bits of cedar stuck under them all over the place.

    Last weekend I took off about 5 square of completely worn-thru asphalt over 1 layer of cedar shingles. Everything nailed. It took two of us about two hours. We were able to get a dump truck under almost the entire thing, except one short section where we had to let it hit the ground. That was about 4 yards in the truck.

    1. cargin | Jul 11, 2008 06:50am | #2

      david

      I think those staples are going to give you a serious headache

      I think you are right. Nails are easier to pull. These will be half corroded.

      worn-thru asphalt over 1 layer of cedar shingles.

      We can usually get that type of roof to come up in squares or at least sections.

      Thr roofing nails usually don't penetrate the sheathing, so they come up with the wood shingles. Still a lot of debris.

      Thanks

      Rich

  2. bobbys | Jul 11, 2008 08:30am | #3

    hopefully the staples are rusted, if not you will go nuts taking the shakes off, With nails you can use a bar but if the staples are still good they will not allow you to rip up the shakes, they will hold the wood under them

    1. cargin | Jul 11, 2008 02:14pm | #4

      bobbys

      Thanks for the good news.

      I am afraid the wood will crumble around the staples.

      Not much holding power left in this wood.

      Rich

      1. MikeSmith | Jul 11, 2008 02:42pm | #5

        rich.... based on what you posted here... i'd take your best estimate of production from the past and double it for the tear-off/ clean-up/ clean deck prep phaseMike Hussein Smith Rhode Island : Design / Build / Repair / Restore

        1. cargin | Jul 11, 2008 03:02pm | #7

          Mike

          Thanks

          Rich

      2. Hazlett | Jul 11, 2008 04:30pm | #10

        Cargin,
        I don't think it needs to be as bad as you fear--or as bad as some of the other guys are leading you to believe.
        you might need a different technique and a different tool.plywood deck--NOT skip sheathed?--stapled shakes??--right. OK-- the AJC hatchet company makes a tool that will work well for this if you use it right--called the shingo-shovel.---we use them almost exclusively here
        starting at the top of the roof shove the shingo under the shake untill you find the 'line' the staples run in-and work 3-4 fteet across the roof.
        the teeth on the shingo will get in the staple and pull both legs out of a plywood deck( in a solid 1x deck however-invariably one leg will let go and one leg will remain buried--leaving a forest of wire sticking up out of the deck to be pulled later with pliers.
        it's one of those things where slowing down just a little bit and working methodically is MUCH faster over allthe pitchfork idea???--yes it will get the shingles off in a hurry----but then you still have a zillion staples to go back over and deal with
        with the shingo shovel----you will be pulling the staples and the shingles out in the same pass.---It looks much slower intitially--but you save almost all of the "de-stapling' time you would have with the pitchfork.We had a guy working for us this spring--a real beast for work--loved one layer tearoffs---- on asphalt shingle roofs he would often pry up an area--grap that area with his hands and gove it a big RIIIIIIP----could often tear off n area 3ft. x 12 feet or so that way---an area so big it was hard to roll up and lift the shingles torn loose---------------------- guy was quite proud of this technique because it "tore-off a big area in a hurry"--- but ultimately it was much slower
        doing it MY way-was much faster---when i was done tearing off--the nails and staples were also pulled---and just a broom needed to be run--often just a leaf blower. My area would be done and i would be off to another task while he was still pounding nails and pulling staples.the clean up is much easier than you might think--but it is dusty. use big scoop shovels-each shovel full weighs next to nothing---it's much easier than cleaning up asphalt shingles. they WILL however take up much more room in the dump truck/dump trailer/dumpster.-the load won't weigh anything at all--it's mostly air for it size--but it will be maybe 3 times the volume you are used to.
        BTW- you will wantNEW sharp teeth on the shingo---or the teeth will NOT fit in between the legs of the staple.Best wishes,
        stephen

        1. cargin | Jul 11, 2008 05:12pm | #12

          stephen

          This is what we use.

          Thanks for the input.

          Yes plywood deck, 1/2 ply. 2' leg on the staples. 24" medium shakes. After going throught the rough irregular surface of theshake below they may not be pentrating the sheathing all that much.

          I was a newbie on the crew in the early 80's when that house was but and I laid alot of those shakes.

          My boss told me at that time that this roof would last for 100 years. LOL

          I haven't used a pitchfork on shingles for 10 years. This tool has a 10" wide blade for doing the lifting. The teeth definitely get worn down.

          Rich

          View Image

          Qual-Craft 54-Inch Shingle Removal Shovel #2560P by Qual-Craft

          Buy new: $57.94 $37.69    8 Used & new from $35.73

          In stock. Processing takes an additional 4 to 5 days.

          View Image (2)

          Home Improvement: See all 18 items

           

           

          1. Hazlett | Jul 11, 2008 05:36pm | #13

            One of the guys on our crew--the one that was the absolute beast for work---used a tool like the one you showed( his was red-not that it makes a difference)anyhow----- most of us found that the AJC shingo worked waaaaay better.
            the angle was different and so your movements were smaller,more controlled, more precise.
            I use my shingo, sitting down, very little effort, get the leverage from simply shifting my body weight.
            a lot of the guys wanted to save their pants-and worked standing up----all hunched over--and got tuckered out pretty fast.
            i am 15 years older than the next oldest guy-and more than twice as old as a lot of them---but working methodically,SITTING down allways made me the fastest or second fastest in any crew I ever assembledBasically--one man clearing away for every man tearing off--it comes off faster than they can clear it away.
            no matter what--it is still an unpleasant hour or so to start each morning, LOL
            stephen

            Edited 7/11/2008 10:37 am ET by Hazlett

          2. MikeSmith | Jul 11, 2008 07:13pm | #14

            stephen..... i'm not saying this job is difficult..

            the only thing i said is to halve his normal stripping production times for the bid

             

            it always goes back to my philosophy.... work like an optimist... bid like a pessimist

            this is all about making money.... not trying to beat one's best production ratesMike Hussein Smith Rhode Island : Design / Build / Repair / Restore

          3. seeyou | Jul 11, 2008 10:57pm | #15

            I think this may have been mentioned earlier, but with shakes we often take a course off horizontally using the 18" 30lb felt laid with each course to roll all the little pieces up.  I guess that's what an earlier poster was saying when he mentioned rolling shakes. That also gets more of the fasteners than tearing off from the top down.http://grantlogan.net

            Come on guys. If you're Festing, it's time to pay up. $85.00? Half of you have already wasted that much on beer and p0rn this week already.

  3. Piffin | Jul 11, 2008 02:51pm | #6

    You should treat this as a shake stapled 6/12!

    The staples will give you the most grief. The shakes will break around each staple, leaving a sliver of wood trapped so that you cannot simply drive the staple in flush. And since the shake broke out around the staples, you will have three pieces of wood on average instead of one shake to handle.

    Since this is 6/1/2 stepping on loose debris will be dangerous.

    You will learn to hate stapled wood roofs.

    We used a garden pitchfork and kept it rooling to th etruck, then went back with a 16ox curved claw to rip it clean of staples.

     

     

    Welcome to the
    Taunton University of
    Knowledge FHB Campus at Breaktime.
     where ...
    Excellence is its own reward!

    1. cargin | Jul 11, 2008 03:05pm | #8

      Piffin

      You will learn to hate stapled wood roofs.

      More good news.

      I have worked for this guy many times before, so It is not one of those jobs that you easily just walk away from.

      Sounds like scaffolding needs to be erected.

      Rich

       

      Edited 7/11/2008 8:06 am ET by cargin

    2. bobbys | Jul 11, 2008 11:49pm | #16

      i have about 10 different kinds of shovels but none rally worked getting the staples out. i ripped off as much shake as i could and used the horse pliers to pull each staple. could not drive them in and bending them flat still left some of them up to punture the new felt. the ones that were rusted and broke tore my pants

      1. User avater
        MarkH | Jul 12, 2008 12:05am | #17

        Would grinding the staples down with a angle grinder work? Bet it would go fast.

        1. bobbys | Jul 12, 2008 12:43am | #18

          that would work great but i dont think i would want red hot sparks flying into a dry attic

          1. seeyou | Jul 12, 2008 12:50am | #19

            >i dont think i would want red hot sparks flying into a dry attic<I think this is a solid sheathing roof, so that may be an idea worth considering.http://grantlogan.net

            Come on guys. If you're Festing, it's time to pay up. $85.00? Half of you have already wasted that much on beer and p0rn this week already.

          2. maverick | Jul 12, 2008 03:47am | #21

            I can smell the smoke already.

      2. Piffin | Jul 12, 2008 01:28am | #20

        Looks like you and I can learn something ffrom this young guy named Steven Hazellet 

         

        Welcome to the Taunton University of Knowledge FHB Campus at Breaktime. where ... Excellence is its own reward!

  4. catfish | Jul 11, 2008 03:44pm | #9

    If the roof is on skip sheathing, I have used a leaf spring with the eyes cut off to roll the roof into round bundles.

    1. cargin | Jul 11, 2008 05:05pm | #11

      catfish

      Thanks for the input.

      I have "rolled" wood "shingles" before.

      Rich

  5. cargin | Sep 18, 2008 05:55am | #22

    All

    I have an update for you on the stapled shakes.

    We started the job last week. The shakes tear up fairly fast. We have found the best way to tear them up is from below with our normal tear off tools. I usually tear off 3 rows at a time. Alot of the staples stay in the plywood.

    One guy tearing off and 2 guys cleaning up is our MO. We put the shakes in plastic garbage cans, and then take them to the chute. We have built a chute for each tear off area.

    The staples pound in fairly well. The problem lies in bending them over as you walk over the area.

    The house is surrounded by trees, so there is a tremendous amount of dirt and debris.

    Our main problem is the dew in the morning. It's usually 10:30 in the morning before we can safely work up there. We are tarping roof sections the night before so that it will be dry in the morning.

    Rich

    1. MSLiechty | Sep 18, 2008 06:15am | #23

      In the first pic.... please tell me those are not tear off shoes.ML

      1. cargin | Sep 18, 2008 06:23am | #24

        MS 

        Yup that's what 2 of us wear. Merrell tennis shoes.

        The other guy wears Red Wings. I wore Red wings for years but can't stand them now.

        I usually wear shorts, sleeveless shirts and longer socks then my son in the pic.

        Rich

        1. MSLiechty | Sep 18, 2008 05:54pm | #25

          Probably much more comfortable. I'd just be concerned about protecting my feet. Then again I've been known to drop lumber on my toes.ML

          1. seeyou | Sep 18, 2008 07:15pm | #26

            >>>>>>>>I'd just be concerned about protecting my feet.He's tearing roofing off - not packing 2x12s.I'm much more agile on roofs wearing sports shoes vs clodhoppers.View Image

          2. MSLiechty | Sep 18, 2008 07:19pm | #27

            I understand that, But I wear the wolverine work boots regardless if I'm digging ditches or setting cabinets. In fact I don't even own sport shoes.ML

    2. john7g | Sep 18, 2008 07:32pm | #28

      re: the dew.. have you tried a leaf blower or a squirrel cage fan like they use for drying out wet floors? 

      1. cargin | Sep 18, 2008 08:44pm | #29

        john

        A leaf blower is part of our standard equipment for all jobs. We love it for roof clean up.

        It won't even dry off tarpaper much less wet shakes. We have tried. Yes it moves the water around, and it probably helps to speed up tar paper drying.

        Thanks for the suggestion.

        I was working for a farmer and his wife about 10 years ago. She brings up this leaf blower for roof clean up. We all laughed. After that job I bought my own. LOL

        Rich

        1. davidmeiland | Sep 19, 2008 01:36am | #30

          I need help estimating a shake tearoff myself.

          This one's a barn. There's a single layer of cedar shakes and they are old as can be. They are laid over purlins at 24" O.C., which you can see at the overhangs. There is considerable height to the eaves and it's a 12 pitch. There is a total of 50 square, much of which you cannot see in the pic... this thing has a couple of additions and annexes.

          Seems to me that just having somewhere to stand (?) is the issue. Getting up there in the first place is dangerous. This is not the kind of roof you can walk around on with your shovel, ripping shingles off. Seems to me I would need to set toeboards all the way up, and then work my way back down (I say "my" but it would be several guys), tearing off shingles just above the toeboard until  it was time to hop down a level. Everything's gonna fall into the barn.

          Any thoughts from wiser folk than I?

          1. cargin | Sep 19, 2008 02:00am | #31

            david

            We have house scaffold brackets ( shaped like a triangle) that lag bolt to the side of the barn. These brackets have a u shaped bracket near the end that we can slide a 2x4 thru, usually to the ground. But this creates your handrail.

            We build our own planks out of stress rated 2x4 standing upright. 16' long by 2' wide.

            Then we cover with plywood.

            Not time now I reply more later.

            Rich

          2. seeyou | Sep 19, 2008 02:12am | #32

            They are laid over purlins at 24" O.C.,

            What's the exposure on the shakes. I can't imagine how they're installed with the split sheathing so wide.View Image

          3. davidmeiland | Sep 19, 2008 03:48am | #33

            24" exposure. They's some bad sumbitches.

          4. cargin | Sep 19, 2008 04:20am | #34

            david

            Most guys around here would strip the roof with 2x4s and then install channel drain or ag-steel. Not tear off anything.

            Wrap the rakes and the eaves with outside corner.

            Then you just use the 2x4 furring as your climbing surface.

            Still nice to have a working platform at the bottom edge of the roof.

            Rich

          5. davidmeiland | Sep 19, 2008 04:26am | #36

            They want corrugated put back. With the condition this thing's in I feel like I'd have to strip it and take a look at those purlins. Nailing thru those shakes would be like nailing thru burnt toast, it just doesn't seem right.

          6. cargin | Sep 19, 2008 04:35am | #37

            Rich

            I hear you.

            Need to nail the furring to the rafters anyway. Bad shakes and questionable purlins make for a long nail thru questionable material.

            Rich

          7. seeyou | Sep 19, 2008 04:35am | #38

            How tall are the shakes? I've never seen 'em over 24".View Image

          8. davidmeiland | Sep 19, 2008 05:08am | #39

            I didn't take any off or look very closely to see, but they are 24" exposure and they were very likely hand-split at or near the farm where this barn is. There were a LOT of small shake and shingle mills around these parts in the old days. I have bought a fair amount from a guy who still splits his own

          9. cargin | Sep 19, 2008 05:55am | #40

            seeyou

            I remember seeing hand split shakes in the TV show Little House on the Prairie. I know it's TV. But Laura and the girls were in the loft and you could see the shakes. They looked like they were 4' long. This was one of the early shows, before they moved to Walnut Grove.

            Rich

          10. cargin | Sep 19, 2008 04:25am | #35

            david

            The lower roof looks like it has sheathing and wood shingles.

            Here is a pic of us using the scaffolding brackets. You can sort of see them.

            Rich

          11. User avater
            Dinosaur | Sep 19, 2008 06:53am | #41

            I'd pipe-scaffold each side, yeah, right up and over those lower roofs, too, to get me up to eaves level. It's a PITA but I have learned it's worth it in the long run.

            I also usually strip from the bottom up 'cause that way I can pry up whole sections at once and toss 'em over the side. But that said, with just purlins and no deck and shakes that long I dunno how well that would work.

            Dinosaur

            How now, Mighty Sauron, that thou art not broughtlow by this? For thine evil pales before that whichfoolish men call Justice....

Log in or create an account to post a comment.

Sign up Log in

Become a member and get full access to FineHomebuilding.com

Video Shorts

Categories

  • Business
  • Code Questions
  • Construction Techniques
  • Energy, Heating & Insulation
  • General Discussion
  • Help/Work Wanted
  • Photo Gallery
  • Reader Classified
  • Tools for Home Building

Discussion Forum

Recent Posts and Replies

  • |
  • |
  • |
  • |
  • |
  • |
View More Create Post

Up Next

Video Shorts

Featured Story

Picture-Perfect Pergola

Built from locally sawn hemlock, this functional outdoor feature uses structural screws and metal connectors for fast, sturdy construction.

Featured Video

Video: Build a Fireplace, Brick by Brick

Watch mason Mike Mehaffey construct a traditional-style fireplace that burns well and meets current building codes.

Related Stories

  • Podcast Episode 689: Basement Garages, Compact ERVs, and Safer Paint Stripper
  • FHB Podcast Segment: Are Single-Room ERVs the Answer?
  • Fire-Resistant Landscaping and Home Design Details
  • A New Approach to Foundations

Highlights

Fine Homebuilding All Access
Fine Homebuilding Podcast
Tool Tech
Plus, get an extra 20% off with code GIFT20

"I have learned so much thanks to the searchable articles on the FHB website. I can confidently say that I expect to be a life-long subscriber." - M.K.

Get home building tips, offers, and expert advice in your inbox

Signing you up...

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
See all newsletters
See all newsletters

Fine Homebuilding Magazine

  • Issue 332 - July 2025
    • Custom Built-ins With Job-Site Tools
    • Fight House Fires Through Design
    • Making the Move to Multifamily
  • Issue 331 - June 2025
    • A More Resilient Roof
    • Tool Test: You Need a Drywall Sander
    • Ducted vs. Ductless Heat Pumps
  • Issue 330 - April/May 2025
    • Deck Details for Durability
    • FAQs on HPWHs
    • 10 Tips for a Long-Lasting Paint Job
  • Issue 329 - Feb/Mar 2025
    • Smart Foundation for a Small Addition
    • A Kominka Comes West
    • Making Small Kitchens Work
  • Issue 328 - Dec/Jan 2024
    • How a Pro Replaces Columns
    • Passive House 3.0
    • Tool Test: Compact Line Lasers

Fine Home Building

Newsletter Sign-up

  • Fine Homebuilding

    Home building tips, offers, and expert advice in your inbox.

  • Green Building Advisor

    Building science and energy efficiency advice, plus special offers, in your inbox.

  • Old House Journal

    Repair, renovation, and restoration tips, plus special offers, in your inbox.

Signing you up...

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
See all newsletters

Follow

  • Fine Homebuilding

    Dig into cutting-edge approaches and decades of proven solutions with total access to our experts and tradespeople.

    Start Free Trial Now
    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • X
    • LinkedIn
  • GBA Prime

    Get instant access to the latest developments in green building, research, and reports from the field.

    Start Free Trial Now
    • Facebook
    • YouTube
  • Old House Journal

    Learn how to restore, repair, update, and decorate your home.

    Subscribe Now
    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • X
  • Fine Homebuilding

    Dig into cutting-edge approaches and decades of proven solutions with total access to our experts and tradespeople.

    Start Free Trial Now
    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • X
    • LinkedIn
  • GBA Prime

    Get instant access to the latest developments in green building, research, and reports from the field.

    Start Free Trial Now
    • Facebook
    • YouTube
  • Old House Journal

    Learn how to restore, repair, update, and decorate your home.

    Subscribe Now
    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • X

Membership & Magazine

  • Online Archive
  • Start Free Trial
  • Magazine Subscription
  • Magazine Renewal
  • Gift a Subscription
  • Customer Support
  • Privacy Preferences
  • About
  • Contact
  • Advertise
  • Careers
  • Terms of Use
  • Site Map
  • Do not sell or share my information
  • Privacy Policy
  • Accessibility
  • California Privacy Rights

© 2025 Active Interest Media. All rights reserved.

Fine Homebuilding receives a commission for items purchased through links on this site, including Amazon Associates and other affiliate advertising programs.

  • Home Group
  • Antique Trader
  • Arts & Crafts Homes
  • Bank Note Reporter
  • Cabin Life
  • Cuisine at Home
  • Fine Gardening
  • Fine Woodworking
  • Green Building Advisor
  • Garden Gate
  • Horticulture
  • Keep Craft Alive
  • Log Home Living
  • Military Trader/Vehicles
  • Numismatic News
  • Numismaster
  • Old Cars Weekly
  • Old House Journal
  • Period Homes
  • Popular Woodworking
  • Script
  • ShopNotes
  • Sports Collectors Digest
  • Threads
  • Timber Home Living
  • Traditional Building
  • Woodsmith
  • World Coin News
  • Writer's Digest
Active Interest Media logo
X
X
This is a dialog window which overlays the main content of the page. The modal window is a 'site map' of the most critical areas of the site. Pressing the Escape (ESC) button will close the modal and bring you back to where you were on the page.

Main Menu

  • How-To
  • Design
  • Tools & Materials
  • Video
  • Blogs
  • Forum
  • Project Guides
  • Reader Projects
  • Magazine
  • Members
  • FHB House

Podcasts

  • FHB Podcast
  • ProTalk

Webinars

  • Upcoming and On-Demand

Podcasts

  • FHB Podcast
  • ProTalk

Webinars

  • Upcoming and On-Demand

Popular Topics

  • Kitchens
  • Business
  • Bedrooms
  • Roofs
  • Architecture and Design
  • Green Building
  • Decks
  • Framing
  • Safety
  • Remodeling
  • Bathrooms
  • Windows
  • Tilework
  • Ceilings
  • HVAC

Magazine

  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues
  • Magazine Index
  • Subscribe
  • Online Archive
  • Author Guidelines

All Access

  • Member Home
  • Start Free Trial
  • Gift Membership

Online Learning

  • Courses
  • Project Guides
  • Reader Projects
  • Podcast

More

  • FHB Ambassadors
  • FHB House
  • Customer Support

Account

  • Log In
  • Join

Newsletter

Get home building tips, offers, and expert advice in your inbox

Signing you up...

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
See all newsletters
See all newsletters

Follow

  • X
  • YouTube
  • instagram
  • facebook
  • pinterest
  • Tiktok

Join All Access

Become a member and get instant access to thousands of videos, how-tos, tool reviews, and design features.

Start Your Free Trial

Subscribe

FHB Magazine

Start your subscription today and save up to 70%

Subscribe

Enjoy unlimited access to Fine Homebuilding. Join Now

Already a member? Log in

We hope you’ve enjoyed your free articles. To keep reading, become a member today.

Get complete site access to expert advice, how-to videos, Code Check, and more, plus the print magazine.

Start your FREE trial

Already a member? Log in

Privacy Policy Update

We use cookies, pixels, script and other tracking technologies to analyze and improve our service, to improve and personalize content, and for advertising to you. We also share information about your use of our site with third-party social media, advertising and analytics partners. You can view our Privacy Policy here and our Terms of Use here.

Cookies

Analytics

These cookies help us track site metrics to improve our sites and provide a better user experience.

Advertising/Social Media

These cookies are used to serve advertisements aligned with your interests.

Essential

These cookies are required to provide basic functions like page navigation and access to secure areas of the website.

Delete My Data

Delete all cookies and associated data